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Douglas MacArthur  1903

Cullum No. 4122-1903 | 4/5/1964 | Died in WRAH, Washington, D.C.
Interment: MacArthur Memorial, Norfolk, VA

 

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<p>&nbsp;Spr 1964 ASSEMBLY</p>
<p><a href="https://usmalibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/assembly/id/10416/rec/1">https://usmalibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/assembly/id/10416/rec/1</a></p>
<p>On the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918, an armistice was signed and the First World War ended. The world rejoiced and celebrated, but at the Military Academy the joy was tempered by keen disappointment. All but a few cadets had missed overseas action in the historic war. A cold winter and a late spring further depressed the Corps, already chilled by the thought that a military career had been terminated by the then-assumed grand design: that the war just won had been the war to end all wars.</p>
<p>For the cadets, the winter and spring of 1918-1919 brought gloomy days mixed with hazing, a cadet suicide, personal grudge fights, and a War Department investigation. Certainly an air of melancholy prevailed. Congress was asking the question, "Why do we need a military academy?" and the pacifists were answering, "Abolish West Point."</p>
<p>During this period, leadership of the Academy rested in the hands of retired officers who had returned to duty during the war. A restless Corps, an abbreviated curriculum, and a leadership attempting to regain the past all provided additional reasons to doubt the future of the Military Academy.</p>
<p>June 12, 1919, was a day of dramatic action on the Plain. Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur, only thirty-nine years old, assumed command of West Point. He replaced the retiring superintendent, Colonel Samuel Tillman, who had been a cadet during the Civil War. The oldest superintendent had been relieved by one of the youngest.</p>
<p>There was no ceremony and not even a review of the Corps when MacArthur took command. The cadets soon learned he was not one to overwhelm them with unnecessary pomp and ceremony. Perhaps several days passed before they saw the tall, striding officer of casual dignity on Diagonal Walk. Yet during those same days West Point changed. The atmosphere became charged with renewed vitality. Days of frustration became days of purpose, and so it remained during the next three years.</p>
<p>Little did anyone realize that MacArthur's first meeting with a small group of First Classmen would prove prophetic of the changes that lay ahead. Ordered to report to the superintendent, the cadets arrived in full dress uniform, wearing white gloves and carrying the customary apprehension. Regulations required a precise salute and the formal report, "Sir, Cadet So-and-So reports to the Superintendent as ordered."</p>
<p>MacArthur wanted none of it. Before the cadets could assume the prescribed military posture, he greeted each with a handshake, a cordial pat on the arm, and an invitation to sit down. He then offered cigarettes and, with the traditional barrier broken, led the group in an animated discussion of Corps problems.</p>
<p>It was an overwhelming success. The superintendent won the enthusiastic loyalty of every cadet present through the warmth and sincerity of his greeting. By retreat that evening, word had spread throughout the Corps that the new superintendent was extraordinary. Cadets joked that he apparently did not even know the regulations prohibiting cadets from smoking cigarettes.</p>
<p>What they did not realize was that MacArthur knew the regulations perfectly well. The meeting had been a calculated break with the narrow traditions that had governed cadet life. When appointed superintendent, MacArthur had been told by Chief of Staff General Peyton C. March, "West Point is forty years behind the times."</p>
<p>To Congress and many recently returned civilian soldiers and officers, West Point cadets were viewed as the nation's pampered pets. The Academic Board believed that the only remedy for the disruptions caused by the war was an immediate return to the prewar conditions that had helped produce many of America's military leaders.</p>
<p>MacArthur saw his mission differently. He later stated that he had come to West Point "to fight for the very life of the Academy." Recognizing that his greatest challenges were internal, he observed that any successful reform would need to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary.</p>
<p>The most urgent issue facing the new superintendent was the threat of additional congressional and War Department investigations into hazing. The investigation into the suicide of Cadet Stephen Bird had revealed that severe and even sadistic treatment of Fourth Classmen was being tolerated by upperclassmen. Many cadets sincerely believed that the plebe system, unchanged, was essential to molding future officers, and any effort at reform would encounter strong resistance.</p>
<p>Rather than publicly address the Corps, MacArthur worked indirectly. Through Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Robert Danford, he selected a group of First Classmen to study cadet life and the Fourth Class system. Captain Charles F. Thompson, famous for his football achievements and later a corps commander under MacArthur, was appointed officer in charge. Chaplain Clayton E. Wheat, author of the Cadet Prayer, served as advisor.</p>
<p>Throughout the summer of 1919, the committee discussed, debated, and ultimately codified Fourth Class customs into pamphlet form. Bitter disagreements arose as traditionalists resisted proposed reforms, often with support from some officers. Several class meetings were held during August before the Class of 1920 finally voted to make a definite break with the past.</p>
<p>Years later, General Thompson remarked that the action taken by this First Class Committee was, in his judgment, the most important single accomplishment of the Corps. MacArthur, while remaining in the background, won a critical battle. The resulting pamphlet carried his full endorsement.</p>
<p>The committee's work was soon followed by the establishment of the Honor Committee and its formal recognition as the supreme court of cadet judgment in matters of personal honor. Previously, honor violations had often been handled informally, leading either to the rapid departure of an offender or to a life of silence and isolation within the Corps. The Honor Committee, organized and encouraged by MacArthur, became one of the enduring strengths of the Academy.</p>
<p>With the beginning of the academic year, varsity football returned, and the Corps soon learned that no greater enthusiast existed than General MacArthur himself. Rarely did a practice pass without the superintendent appearing, riding crop in hand, to observe the players.</p>
<p>His enthusiasm for athletics was genuine. As a bachelor, he often treated the varsity teams as family. During one baseball practice, a player struggling to hit curve balls asked MacArthur for advice. The superintendent loosened his collar, removed his Sam Browne belt, stepped into the batter's box, and attempted to demonstrate. On that occasion, however, his example did little to improve the player's batting.</p>
<p>MacArthur believed deeply in a balanced Corps and openly supported the recruitment of talented athletes. He also believed cadets should broaden their experiences through greater contact with civilian institutions. Under his leadership, Army teams began traveling to compete against colleges such as Yale, Harvard, and Notre Dame. Entire sections of the Corps enthusiastically attended these contests.</p>
<p>Although MacArthur's teams did not immediately defeat Navy, the athletic program he promoted laid the groundwork for future success. By the late 1920s, Army's dominance had become so pronounced that Navy reportedly sought to interrupt the rivalry.</p>
<p>Varsity athletics represented only a portion of MacArthur's vision. He believed every cadet should participate in sports because athletic competition helped develop better officers. During the fall of 1919, he expanded intramural athletic opportunities and encouraged widespread participation.</p>
<p>Not long afterward, he had inscribed on the gymnasium the words that would become among the most famous in the Academy's history:</p>
<p>Upon the fields of friendly strife,</p>
<p>&nbsp;Are sown the seeds that,</p>
<p>&nbsp;Upon other fields, on other days,</p>
<p>&nbsp;Will bear the fruits of victory.</p>
<p>While MacArthur was immensely popular with cadets, relations with some senior professors were less cordial. The Academic Board exercised tremendous influence over Academy policy, and many of its members viewed the superintendent's reforms with suspicion. Several had taught MacArthur as a cadet and regarded his youthful challenges to tradition with resentment.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, MacArthur persevered. When necessary, he acted decisively. One notable example involved The Bray, a weekly cadet publication. After the editor printed a satirical article criticizing some of MacArthur's reforms, the superintendent moved quickly. The issue's distribution was halted, the officer responsible for censorship was relieved, and publication of the paper was permanently suspended.</p>
<p>The action stunned the Corps and demonstrated that, while MacArthur favored reform, he had little tolerance for activities he believed undermined the institution. West Point remained, in his eyes, first and foremost a military academy.</p>
<p>The autumn of 1919 brought distinguished visitors to the Plain, including the King of the Belgians and his Crown Prince, the Prince of Wales, and the celebrated French commanders Marshals P&eacute;tain and Foch. MacArthur made certain that cadets had opportunities to meet these visitors personally, believing such encounters were as valuable as any ceremonial display.</p>
<p>His vision also included bringing outstanding young officers back to West Point as instructors and tactical officers. Veterans who had distinguished themselves during the war returned to teach and mentor cadets, leaving a profound impression on the Corps.</p>
<p>Another significant reform involved summer training. MacArthur ended the long-standing practice of summer camp at Fort Clinton and instead sent upperclassmen to Camp Dix to train alongside regular troops. While many cadets welcomed the broader experience, officers and their families strongly resented the loss of the traditional summer social season at West Point.</p>
<p>The opposition proved so strong that shortly after MacArthur left the Academy, summer camp at Fort Clinton was restored. Only the Second World War ultimately validated his thinking, leading to the permanent dismantling of the old camp arrangements.</p>
<p>Forty-five years after MacArthur assumed command of West Point, graduates still remembered his devotion to the Academy. No graduate of distinction spoke more passionately about West Point or took greater pride in having earned a varsity "A."</p>
<p>In only three years as superintendent, MacArthur helped shape a remarkable generation of officers. Among those who graduated during or shortly after his tenure were future Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Army Chiefs of Staff, Air Force Chiefs of Staff, and Superintendents of West Point.</p>
<p>To a significant degree, the modern Military Academy reflects MacArthur's vision and leadership. Those who lived through the transition years understood the truth of the observation made by his adjutant, Bill Ganoe: "If Sylvanus Thayer was the Father of the Military Academy, then Douglas MacArthur was its savior."</p>
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